MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPING NEMERTEAN BRAIN INDICATES CONVERGENT EVOLUTION OF COMPLEX BRAINS IN SPIRALIA

Molecular and morphological analysis of the developing nemertean brain indicates convergent evolution of complex brains in Spiralia

Abstract Background crash bars The brain anatomy in the clade Spiralia can vary from simple, commissural brains (e.g., gastrotrichs, rotifers) to rather complex, partitioned structures (e.g., in cephalopods and annelids).How often and in which lineages complex brains evolved still remains unclear.Nemerteans are a clade of worm-like spiralians, whic

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Classification and taxonomy of vegetable macergens

Macergens are bacteria capable of releasing pectic enzymes (pectolytic bacteria).These enzymatic actions result in the separation of plant tissues leading to total plant destruction.This can be attributed to soft rot diseases in vegetables.These macergens primarily belong to the genus Erwinia and to a Backpack range of opportunistic pathogens namel

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Resistance is futile: lack of predator switching and a preference for native prey predict the success of an invasive prey species

Invasive species continue Home to severely impact biodiversity, yet predicting the success or failure of introduced species has remained elusive.In particular, the relationship between community invasibility and native species diversity remains obscure.Here, we apply two traditional ecological concepts that inform prey population stability and henc

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